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Determination of linear synthetic aromatic compounds in abiotic and biotic matrices
Tulková, Tereza ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Synthetic musk compounds are artificial organic compounds with a smell similar to the odor of a natural musk. The most recently discovered and also the least known group of artificial musks is linear musk compounds. These substances are now often used in cosmetics, personal care products, detergents and various cleaning products. They have leaked into all the major environment components, especially into the hydrosphere. There has been great attention drawn to synthetic musk compounds in the last few years because of their environmental impact. The aim of this thesis is to identify twelve linear musk compounds (linalool, 2-cyclohexylethanol, fresco menthe, citronellol, HSA, isobornyl acetate, arocet, aroflorone, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, lilial, isoamyl salicylate and hexylcinnamic aldehyde) in waste water samples. The samples were taken at three different waste water treatment plants (WWTP) in South Moravian region (WWTP Brno-Modřice, WWTP Luhačovice and WWTP Hodonín). Each of these treatment plants has a different equivalent number of inhabitants. At first, a working method was optimized, then applied on real waste water samples. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique was used for the extraction of analytes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was then used for identification and quantificaton of the studied compounds.
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Options determination of synthetic fragrances in wastewater
Kašparová, Jarmila ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Synthetic fragrances (musk) are artificially made organic compounds, which are used as fragrances in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. The presence of musk is proven in all environmental compartments. However, the greatest attention is paid to purified waste water, which is a frequent source of pollution of surface water. The physico-chemical properties of musk compounds cause their accumulation in the living and non-living components of the ecosystem, where they behave as persistent pollutants. The presented bachelor thesis deals with the problem of determining individual musk compounds of all groups side by side. In the bachelor thesis, nineteen musk compounds of four groups, nitromusk compounds, macrocyclic musk compounds, linear musk compounds, polycyclic musk compounds were studied. The basis of this work was to optimize the method for determining all groups of musk compounds side by side, evaluating and interpreting the results. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used as a method for extracting analytes. Gas chromatography in conjunction with mass spectrometry was used for the final analysis, as a detector was used for a Time of flight analyzer.
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Study of Transfer of Musk Compounds in Abiotic and Biotic Components of Aquatic Ecosystems
Zouhar, Libor ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Sokol, Jozef (referee) ; Večeřa, Zbyněk (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work was focused on the determination of musk compounds in various components of the environment. Synthetic musk compounds are organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of detergents, perfumes, cosmetics and other personal care products (PCPs). These compounds contaminate the aquatic environment through municipal wastewater from sewage treatment plants. The result is accumulation of these analytes in the environment and their occurrence in food chain. Synthetic fragrances are commonly detected also in human body; these substances generally belong among relatively new persistent organic pollutants (POPs) because of their persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity. The aim of this work was to optimize the methods for the determination of selected synthetic fragrances in wastewater (municipal, industrial) and in fish muscle. These analytes were determined in wastewater [the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Brno – Modřice, cosmetic manufacturing plant] and in fish Squalius cephalus that had been caught in the river Svratka. The selected analytes (14 substances) originate from the group of nitromusk, polycyclic musk and linear musk compounds. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) [for wastewater samples] and pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) [for fish samples] were used for isolation of analytes from real samples. The identification and quantification of analytes were carried out by high resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS). The results show that galaxolide (g.L-1) and tonalide (tenths of g.L-1) were polycyclic musk compounds which were found at the highest concentration level in influent and also in effluent samples from the WWTP Brno – Modřice. The most extended nitromusk compound was musk ketone (hundredths of g.L-1). Linear musk compounds were detected in all influent samples (g.L-1). The overall removal efficiency of synthetic musk compounds from wastewater in the WWTP varies within the following ranges: nitromusk compounds 34.4 % – 85.4 %, polycyclic musk compounds 36.7 % – 53.3 % and linear musk compounds 90.5 % – 99.9 %. On the basis of the results it can be stated that wastewater (effluent from the WWTP) is the primary source of musk compounds, especially of the polycyclic ones in the environment. It has been also shown that ultrafiltration used in a cosmetic plant is a highly efficient technology for removing nitromusk and polycyclic musk compounds from industry wastewater. The results from evaluation of the fish contamination by musk compounds show that galaxolide was the substance which reached the highest concentration levels (tens of g.kg-1 l.w.). The results corroborate ubiquitous occurrence of musk compounds in the environment and reduction of using of nitromusk compounds due to their potential toxic properties. It has been shown that the insufficiency of the purifying procedures used in the WWTP Brno – Modřice has a significant influence on the concentration level of polycyclic musk compounds (tonalide, galaxolide) in fish caught from the river Svratka.
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Ecotoxicity of selected musk compounds
Cvikýřová, Zuzana ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Products of daily use, which are mainly cosmetics and personal care products could significantly affect the environment. Recently, in terms of environmental protection, organic compounds responsible for the pleasant smell of these products - synthetic fragrances or musk compounds - are often mentioned. This diploma thesis aims to assess the ecotoxicity of several new substances from the group linear (alicyclic) musk compounds. From this group following fragrance ingrediens were tested: lilial, linalool, arocete and aroflorone. Since the majority of their residues enter the aquatic ecosystem, aquatic freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus and aquatic plant Lemna minor were selected as test organisms. Individual ecotoxicity of above mentioned substances was evaluated as well as toxicity of binary mixture of arofloron and linalool on organisms Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. Based on the test results the ecotoxicological values LC50, EC50 and IC50 for the tested substances were evaluated and their ecotoxicity was compared. Lilial showed the highest ecotoxicity. Value of 24h EC50 for organism Daphnia magna was 2.13 mg/l and value of 24h LC50 for the organism Thamnocephalus platyurus was 10.86 mg/l.
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Determination of selected musk compounds in biotic samples
Blahová, Eliška ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Musk compounds (MUSK) or synthetic fragrances are organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of detergents, soaps, cosmetics, personal care products, industrial and in-house cleaning agents, industrial plasticizers, chewing tobacco and fresheners. The big attention is pushed ahead studying these compounds, their fate in different parts of ecosystems and studying their characteristics at present, because musks infiltrate many environmental components, particularly aquatic and marine ecosystems, through their large application and their ability to be perzistant. This diploma thesis was focused on four synthetic “classical” fragrances used over the world. The aim of this study was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected fragrances in biotic matrix. There was made an evalution of ability of selected water treatment plant to clear away musks from water, these results were used for evaluating contamination measurement of aquatic ecosystem. The identification and quantification of analytes was carried out by high resolution gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (HRGC/MS).
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The use of biochar as a sorption material for the removal of synthetic fragrances from water
Kašparová, Jarmila ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
Synthetic fragrances (musk) are artificially produced organic compounds. It is used as fragrance ingredient in personal care products. Substances from this group have the ability to withstand the cleaning process in wastewater treatment plants. The physico-chemical properties of musk compounds cause their accumulation in the living and non-living components of the ecosystem, where they behave as persistent pollutants. The adsorption process is considered to be one of the most widely used separation and purification processes. The adsorption processes of a solution of sixteen synthetic fragrances took place with biochar and activated carbon. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used as a method for extracting analytes. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied for final analysis, time of flight analyzer was used as detector. The data were fitted with adsorption isotherms.
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Personal care products as environmental contaminants
Babuš, Ondřej ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Synthetic musk compounds were first prepared artificially in the late 19th century. They have been used to perfume cosmetics, detergents and personal care products. The attention of many researchers has been focused on it recently, due to its high penetration into the nature which is a logical consequence of its great use. The main goal of this thesis is to determine the effect of the ultrafiltration on the concentration reduction of substances mentioned above in the industrial waste waters produced by the cosmetic company. Analytes from the sample were extracted using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and on gas chromatography analysis with mass spectroscopy (GC / MS) has been performed. The whole method was optimized and evaluated. Determination of the average efficiency of the ultrafiltration was made based on data obtained before and after ultrafiltration. Such efficiency determines the suitability of use of this method for removal of synthetic musk compounds from waste waters.
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Musk compounds in water biota
Zouhar, Libor ; Stoupalová, Michaela (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Synthetic musk compounds (MUSK) or synthetic fragrances are organic substances commonly used as fragrant constituents of perfumes, detergents, cosmetics and personal care products. These compounds are discharged after use via domestic wastewater and sewage treatment plants to the aquatic environment. The result is accumulation in the environment and occurrence in a food chain especially of aquatic and marine ecosystems. Synthetic musk compounds are also found in surface water, fish tissues and also in body fluid (blood, urine, milk) and tissues of human body. Quantitative detection and studying properties of these compounds is an important activity because we have low knowledge about their fate in the environment (persistence, bioaccumulation) and toxicity. This diploma thesis is focused on three commonly used synthetic fragrances – tonalide, musk ketone and musk xylene. The base of this study was to perform a method optimisation for the determination of selected compounds in water and water biota (fish). The aim was determination of selected musk compounds in real samples (water, fish) and evaluation of the results. Pressurized solvent extraction (PSE) for fish samples and solid phase microextraction (SPME) for water samples were used for isolation of analytes from samples. The identification and quantification of analytes was carried out by high resolution gas chromatography – mass spectrometry.
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Determination of musk compounds in biotic matrices
Soukupová, Alena ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with actual issues of the contamination in the environment with synthetic fragrances. Musk compounds are infiltrated to many environmental components (especially an aquatic ecosystem) because of their biological persistence and the ability of accumulation. This diploma thesis is focused on the selection and the optimization of method for the determination of musk compounds in real biotic matrices (fish). The isolation of analytes was realized by PSE method and the purification of extract was realized by the method of the adsorption column chromatography. Identification and quantification of individual musk compounds was carried out by GC-MS. In conclusion were results and the contamination of fish from the river Svratka disscissed and evaluated. These fish were caught at the inflow and at the outflow of the wastewater treatment plant.
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Assessment of synthetic musk compounds in waste waters
Štefka, Michal ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The synthetic aromatic substances are present in the products of personal hygiene, detergents and cosmetics. After the application these compounds are drained away into the waste water. But the technological process used in sewage works is not able to eliminate these substances and these ones influence the particular items of the environment. The aim of the degree work is the determination of four selected items of the linear musk compounds (2-cyclohexylethanole, Fresco Menthe, Citronellol and Isobornyl acetate) in the wastewater. The real patterns were taken on the place of affluent of the sewage discharge and on the place of the draining off in the sewage plant in VFU Brno. On the basis of measurements and subsequent evaluation on of obtaining data it was possible to express the measurement of efficiency of the elimination of the present musk compounds. Firstly it was necessary to adapt the selected analytical method to the physical and chemical qualities of the prescribed analytes. The analytes were extracted from the patterns by the method of the micro extraction for the consistent phase so called solid phase microextraction (SPME). The gas chromatography in the tandem connection with the mass spectrometry makes the identification and quantification possible.
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